Season 1, episode 13: “Concert Interruptus”
Original air date: 15 February 2001
Directed by: Bruce Seth Green
Written by: Elaine Arata
Summary: Rory tries to bolster new friendships by inviting the Chilton girls to a Bangles concert. Meanwhile, Lorelai learns about an ex-girlfriend of Luke’s.
On this page: All References in Chronological Order | References Sorted by Category | Frequent References | Image Credits | Indigenous Land Acknowledgment
All References in Chronological Order
02:50 – 📖/🎥 reference
LORELAI: Here, Grinch.
- How the Grinch Stole Christmas! is a 1957 children’s book by Theodor Geisel, otherwise known as Dr. Seuss. The story “follows the Grinch, a cranky, solitary creature who attempts to thwart the public’s Christmas plans by stealing Christmas gifts and decorations from the homes of the nearby town of Whoville on Christmas Eve” (Wikipedia). The book has been adapted to film several times, beginning with an animated television film directed by Chuck Jones that aired on CBS in 1966. A live-action feature adaptation directed by Ron Howard and starring Jim Carrey was released in 2000.
04:20 – 🎧 feature + 🗺️ feature
SOOKIE: I have here in my hand, as requested by Ms. Lorelai Gilmore, four fabulous tickets to the Bangles at the Pastorella Theater on Saturday!
25:00
LORELAI: The Bangles are the best! They were my favorite group in high school. I almost named you Susanna.
36:10
Lane is wearing one of the Bangles Tour 2000 t-shirts Lorelai bought at the concert.
- The Bangles are an all-female pop rock band from Los Angeles, California. They released a number of hit singles – three of which are featured in this episode at 24:25, 27:45, and 29:00 – during Lorelai’s teen years in the 1980s. Rory’s almost-namesake, Susanna Hoffs, is the band’s lead vocalist and rhythm guitarist. The band was mentioned previously in episode five.
- The Pastorella Theater is a fictional New York City venue. The building exterior shown at 24:30 is actually the Steven J. Ross Theater at Warner Bros. Studios in Burbank, California. The t-shirt Lane wears at 36:10 is merchandise from the Bangles’ real-life 2000 reunion tour, but it is from the House of Blues in Los Angeles. (The same t-shirt is pictured here in a listing on Depop.)
05:15 – 🪶 mention
MS. CALDICOTT: As I mentioned yesterday, we will be holding a debate next week. Your subject: did Charles I receive a fair trial? The pros will represent the Parliament who deemed they had sovereignty, and the cons will represent the monarch and try and prove that the charge against him was not legal.
- King Charles I of England (1600-1649) reigned over England, Scotland, and Ireland from 1625 to 1649. He was a believer in the divine right of kings, and his attempts at unilateral government led to disputes with Parliament. Many of his subjects disapproved of his policies, particularly tax levies and religious policies, the latter of which were considered by some to be too partial to Catholicism. These conflicts contributed to the English Civil War, in which Charles opposed the armies of the English and Scottish parliaments. He was defeated in 1645, and in 1649, he was tried, convicted, and executed for high treason.
07:00 – ⭐ reference
PARIS: So, unless you want to sit on no furniture while watching three Harvey Fierstein impersonators rip up the carpet and paint everything a ridiculous shade of white and call it “Angel’s Kiss,” then we’re going to have to find somebody else’s house to go to.
- Harvey Fierstein (born 1954) is a Tony Award-winning US actor, playwright, and screenwriter. He is known for his theater work in Torch Song Trilogy (which opened in New York City in 1981 and was adapted to film in 1988) and Hairspray (which opened in Seattle in 2002 and is based on John Waters’ 1988 film of the same name). He has also appeared in the films Mrs. Doubtfire (1993) and Independence Day (1996), and lent his distinctive gravelly voice to the character of Yao in Disney’s 1998 animated film Mulan.
08:25 – 📖 reference
LOUISE: Tristan suddenly has very big eyes for you, Grandma.
- “Little Red Riding Hood” is a fairy tale about a young girl who is stalked by a sly wolf as she walks through the woods to visit her grandmother. The wolf eats the grandmother and disguises himself in her clothes so that he may trick the girl and eat her as well. When the girl arrives, “she notices the strange appearance of her ‘grandmother'” (Wikipedia) and famously exclaims, “What big eyes you have!” Finally, she observes “what a big mouth” the wolf has, and he devours her too. The story may end here, or the girl and her grandmother may be rescued, depending on the version. The two best-known iterations were recorded by Charles Perrault and the Brothers Grimm, though the story has origins in pre-17th-century European folklore.
- Charles Perrault also wrote a version of “Cinderella,” and the Brothers Grimm wrote versions of “Cinderella” and “Rapunzel,” folk tales referenced in previous episodes.
- In colloquial English, a man who makes overt, habitual sexual advances toward women may be described as a “wolf.”
08:35 – 📖 feature
LANE: All three of ’em, huh?
RORY: Double, double, toil and trouble.
LANE: Well, it should make for an interesting afternoon.
RORY: With the pricking of my thumbs, something wicked this way comes.
LANE: You’re doing very well in that Shakespeare class, aren’t you?
- Rory is quoting the three witches, or weird sisters, from William Shakespeare’s The Tragedie of Macbeth, which is thought to have debuted in 1606. The witches, “some of the most iconic and recognizable characters in Shakespeare’s work” (Study.com), often speak in rhyming couplets, including the famous lines, “Double, double, toil and trouble / Fire burn, and cauldron bubble,” and, “By the pricking of my thumbs, / Something wicked this way comes.” Phrases coined by Shakespeare have been used in episodes nine and twelve, and Shakespeare, himself, was mentioned in episodes two, four, and eleven.
09:35 – 🏷️ mention
MRS. KIM: You eat candy? … Doughnut? … Hostess Fruit Pie?
- Hostess Cake, commonly known as simply Hostess, is a US bakery brand first introduced in 1919. While the brand is best known for its Twinkies and Hostess CupCakes, they also produce a “flaky pastry with flavored custard filling” (Wikipedia) called a Fruit Pie. Up until 2006, the Fruit Pie even had its own branded mascot, Fruit Pie the Magician. These confections are all highly processed, and Twinkies, in particular, have a reputation for an inordinately long shelf life.
11:45 – 🪶 reference
LORELAI: What hat?
RORY: The one on your head, Annie Oakley.
- Annie Oakley (born Phoebe Ann Moses, 1860-1926) was a US sharpshooter who gained international fame starring in Buffalo Bill’s Wild West show. “She was a key influence in the creation of the image of the American cowgirl” (Wikipedia) and has been depicted a number of times in media, including in Irving Berlin’s Broadway musical Annie Get Your Gun (1946), based loosely on her life.
- In 1884, Oakley became acquainted with Hunkpapa Lakota leader Sitting Bull, who was known worldwide by this point for his role in the Great Sioux War, or Black Hills War, of 1876. Sitting Bull “was so impressed with [Oakley’s] manner and abilities that he ‘adopted’ her and bestowed upon her the additional name ‘Little Sure Shot’” (Biography).
12:55 – 🎥 reference
SOOKIE: Hold on, something down here likes me.
- Somebody Up There Likes Me is a 1956 US “drama film directed by Robert Wise and starring Paul Newman and Pier Angeli, based on the life of middleweight boxing legend Rocky Graziano” (Wikipedia). In the final scene, Graziano (Newman) gestures to the sky and says to his love interest, Norma (Angeli), “You know, I’ve been lucky. Somebody up there likes me!” Perry Como’s song of the same name opens and closes the film.
- In 1975, English singer-songwriter David Bowie released a song named for the film. Scottish rock band Simple Minds also have a similarly named song, “Somebody Up There Likes You,” released in 1982.
13:00 – 🎥 reference
RORY: Jeez, this stuff is like tribbles.
- Tribbles are a species of small, furry, voraciously hungry, and rapidly multiplying aliens within the Star Trek universe. They were first introduced in the 1966-1969 Original Series in the 1967 episode, “The Trouble with Tribbles,” in which the starship Enterprise is beset by a tribble infestation. Star Trek was mentioned previously in episodes six and eight.
13:50 – 🗺️ mention
MISS PATTY: I danced on these drums at the Copacabana in 1969.
- The Copacabana is a Latin-themed New York City nightclub named for a neighborhood in the Brazilian city of Rio de Janeiro. It opened in 1940, and though it has changed locations several times over the years, it has become an enduring part of the city’s cultural history. It has been used as a location in numerous films, including Raging Bull (1980), Tootsie (1982), and Goodfellas (1990), and was the inspiration and namesake for a 1978 Barry Manilow song.
14:35 – 🗺️ feature
RORY: She decided to be stupid and tell her mother the truth: that she wanted to go to a rock concert with us tonight in New York.
The Manhattan skyline, including the Chrysler Building, is featured on screen at 24:30.
- New York “is the most populous city in the United States” (Wikipedia), with more than twice the population of the second-most populous city, Los Angeles. It is “located at the southern tip of New York State,” in the Northeastern region of the US, on the Atlantic coast. The city suffered from economic problems and spikes in crime during the 1970s through early ’90s, though these trends had reversed by the time of this episode. The city’s “population exceeded 8 million for the first time in the 2000 United States census” (Wikipedia).
- Manhattan is the geographically smallest and most densely populated of New York City’s five boroughs. Midtown Manhattan is home to the Chrysler Building, an Art Deco skyscraper commissioned by and named for automotive executive Walter Chrysler. It was the tallest building in the world when construction was completed in 1930.
17:55 – 🏷️ mention
MADELINE: There’s this great store near my therapist’s office who has the best vintage clothes. I found an original Pucci top for practically nothing.
LOUISE: Oh, Pucci is very big right now.
- Pucci is an Italian fashion brand founded in 1947 by Emilio Pucci, a member of one of Florence’s oldest noble families. The brand is known for “geometric prints in a kaleidoscope of colors” (Wikipedia). Since the 1960s, Pucci’s designs have been worn by public figures like actor Sophia Loren, pop singer Madonna, and former First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy. The brand was favored by US actor Marilyn Monroe, who appeared in Pucci items in some of the final photographs taken of her before her death in 1962. Today, women’s tops by Pucci are priced at several hundred dollars, and even into the thousands, according to their website.
18:20 – 🎥 reference
LOUISE: So, how’s that going? Are you two still Joanie Loves Chachi?
- Joanie Loves Chachi was a US television series that aired from 1982 to 1983. A spin-off of the series Happy Days (1974-1984), it stars Erin Moran and Scott Baio as Joanie Cunningham and Chachi Arcola, a central couple from the original series. Unlike other Happy Days spin-offs like Laverne & Shirley (1976-1983) and Mork & Mindy (1978-1982), Joanie Loves Chachi was a ratings failure; it was cancelled in its second season.
18:55 – ⭐ reference
LOUISE: So, how good of a kisser is Paul Bunyan anyway?
- “Paul Bunyan is a giant lumberjack and folk hero in [US] and Canadian folklore. … The character originated in the oral tradition of North American loggers, and was later popularized by freelance writer William B. Laughead…in a 1916 promotional pamphlet for the Red River Lumber Company. … His likeness is displayed in a number of oversized statues across North America” (Wikipedia). Bunyan’s character is known for his physical stature, and Jared Padalecki, the actor who plays Dean, is 6’4″ (1.93 m) according to his IMDb page.
19:35 – 🎥 reference
SOOKIE: She was a very adventurous person. She loved to climb things, and fling herself off of cliffs, and dive into these really tiny lakes, and ride big, wild horses, and fly planes.
LORELAI: So, she was Wonder Woman.
- Wonder Woman is a fictional superhero within the DC Comics universe. She first appeared in comic form in 1941 and was portrayed by Lynda Carter in the live-action television series, Wonder Woman, from 1975 to 1979. (I would peg Lorelai as more of a TV watcher than comic book reader, so I am placing this entry under Film, Television & Theater.) Lorelai referenced Wonder Woman previously in episode eight.
20:45 – 🏷️ feature
Rory, Paris, Madeline, and Louise are using Hi-Liter brand highlighters while they study.
- Hi-Liter is a brand of “felt-tip marker filled with transparent fluorescent ink instead of black or opaque ink” (Wikipedia), used to mark areas of text. Although all such markers are referred to by the generic term “highlighter,” Hi-Liter is the original brand of highlighter invented by Dr. Frank Honn in 1962.
22:00 – 🏷️ mention
LORELAI: One with cheese, one without. Cokes?
- “Cola is a carbonated soft drink flavored with vanilla, cinnamon, citrus oils, and other flavorings” (Wikipedia). Coca-Cola, or Coke, is the brand-name cola manufactured by the Coca-Cola Company. It was invented in the late 19th century by John Stith Pemberton as a temperance drink, an alternative to alcoholic beverages. Its name comes from two of its original ingredients: coca leaves (from which cocaine is derived) and kola nuts (the drink’s original source of caffeine). Coca-Cola was featured previously in episodes seven and nine.
- Like McDonald’s (mentioned in episodes four and six), Coca-Cola is thought to symbolize the globalization of US culture. The term “cocacolonization” emerged in post-World War II Europe to critique such globalization.
22:40 – 📖/🎥 reference
LORELAI: I think you’re actually making some friends here.
RORY: Let’s not get ahead of ourselves. They basically just moved off the plan to dump the pig’s blood on me at prom, that’s all.
- Carrie is the 1974 debut novel of horror and supernatural fiction author Stephen King. It tells the story of Carrie White, “a friendless, bullied high-school girl from an abusive religious household who discovers she has telekinetic powers” (Wikipedia). In the novel, Carrie’s tormentors conspire to rig the prom queen election in her favor and dump buckets of pig’s blood on her when she is announced the winner. The scene is also depicted in Brian De Palma’s 1976 film adaptation of the same name. (While Lorelai and Rory have surely seen the film, it seems just as likely one or both of them has read the book, so I am placing the entry in both categories.)
- The Shining, a film adaptation based on another of King’s works, was referenced in episodes two and eleven.
22:55 – 🏷️ feature
LORELAI: There. Pop-Tart appetizers to tide you over until the pizza comes.
Pop-Tarts are featured on screen at 22:35 as Lorelai arranges them on a plate.
- Pop-Tarts is a brand of pre-baked toaster pastry “consisting of a sweet filling sealed inside two layers of thin, rectangular pastry crust” (Wikipedia). They are designed to be warmed inside a toaster or microwave oven, but can also be eaten straight from the package. They were first produced by Kellogg’s in 1964.
24:25 – 🎧 feature
“Walk Like an Egyptian” by the Bangles plays over shots of the New York City skyline and the Pastorella Theater exterior. It continues as Sookie, Lorelai, and the girls enter the lobby.
24:50
LORELAI: With these tickets, you are about to enter sacred space. You will be treading on hallowed ground. You will be walking like an Egyptian.
- This song is a single from the 1986 album Different Light. “It was the band’s first number-one single, being certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), and was ranked Billboard‘s number-one song of 1987″ (Wikipedia).
26:20 – 🎥 reference
PARIS: And before it’s dark, they’ll have every picnic basket that’s in Jellystone Park.
- Jellystone Park is a setting in the Hanna-Barbera cartoon series The Huckleberry Hound Show (1958-1961) and its spin-off The Yogi Bear Show (1961-1962). Yogi Bear, the star of the latter show and a supporting character of the former, “would often try to steal picnic baskets from campers in the park” (Wikipedia). Paris makes this remark to Rory after Madeline and Louise catch the eye of a couple of guys; she is likely comparing Yogi’s collection of picnic baskets to Madeline and Louise’s pursuit of boys.
- Jellystone Park is based on the real-life Yellowstone National Park, located in the Western US states of Wyoming, Montana, and Idaho. There is also a chain of family campgrounds throughout the US and Canada called Yogi Bear’s Jellystone Park Camp-Resorts, the first of which was established in Wisconsin in 1969.
- One of the guys in this scene is played by Brandon Routh, who would later become known for playing Clark Kent/Superman in Superman Returns (2006), in addition to roles in the television show Chuck (2007-2012) and the film Scott Pilgrim vs. the World (2010).
26:30 – 🎥 reference
SOOKIE: Did you ever see Everest?
Sookie asks Lorelai this question as they make their way to their seats in an upper “nosebleed” section of the theater.
- Everest is a documentary film “about the struggles involved in climbing Mount Everest, the highest mountain peak on Earth, located in the Himalayan region of Nepal and Tibet. It was released to IMAX theaters in March 1998 and became the highest-grossing film made in the IMAX format” (Wikipedia). It was directed by filmmaker Greg MacGillivray and mountaineer David Breashears.
27:45 – 🎧 feature
The Bangles open the concert with “Hero Takes a Fall.” Rory and Paris stand watching the performance, and Madeline and Louise flirt with a couple of guys near them in the audience.
- This song is one of two singles from the 1984 album All Over the Place. Though the album was only a moderate commercial success, it brought the band to the attention of singer-songwriter Prince, who would write their first hit, “Manic Monday.”
29:00 – 🎧 feature
The Bangles play “Eternal Flame” in the background of Lorelai and Sookie’s conversation about Luke and Rachel. The song continues as Madeline and Louise leave the concert, over Rory’s objections, to go to a party with the guys they’ve met.
- This song is a single from the 1988 album Everything. It was a number-one hit in nine countries, including the United States.
29:45 – ⭐ reference
LORELAI: What kind of pretty?
SOOKIE: What do you mean, “what kind of pretty”?
LORELAI: I mean, like, was she a Catherine Zeta-Jones kind of pretty, or a Michelle Pfeiffer-y pretty, or–?
SOOKIE: She was an Elle MacPherson kind of pretty.
- Catherine Zeta-Jones (born 1969) is a Welsh actor known for the films The Mask of Zorro (1998), Entrapment (1999), Traffic (2000), and, subsequent to this episode, Chicago (2002). She was ranked number one on People magazine’s list of “Most Beautiful People” in 1998.
- Michelle Pfeiffer (born 1958) is a US actor. She was “one of Hollywood’s most bankable stars during the 1980s and 1990s” (Wikipedia), appearing in films like Scarface (1983), The Witches of Eastwick (1987), Dangerous Liaisons (1988), The Fabulous Baker Boys (1989), Batman Returns (1992), and The Age of Innocence (1993). She appeared “on the inaugural cover of People magazine’s annual ’50 Most Beautiful People in the World’ issue [in 1990, and was] featured in the ‘Most Beautiful’ issue a record-breaking six times throughout the decade” (Wikipedia).
- Elle Macpherson (born Eleanor Macpherson, 1964) is an Australian model, actor, and businesswoman. “She is known for her record five cover appearances for the Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue beginning in the 1980s, leading to her nickname ‘The Body’, coined by Time in 1989″ (Wikipedia). Today, she has her own lines of lingerie and skincare products.
31:40 – 🗺️ reference
MADELINE: The party’s in a building on the corner of Waverly and First.
- This intersection does not exist in real-life New York City; while there is a Waverly Place in Greenwich Village, it does not intersect with First Avenue.
33:25 – 🎥/📖 reference
LORELAI: T-shirts for all of the girls because I am the Good Witch of the– Hey, aren’t you missing a couple kids?
- The Good Witch of the North is a character in L. Frank Baum’s 1900 children’s fantasy novel The Wonderful Wizard of Oz. She greets the protagonist, Dorothy, following the girl’s arrival in Oz and advises her to travel to the Emerald City to seek the help of the Wizard. In Victor Fleming’s 1939 film adaptation, The Wizard of Oz, this role is given to Glinda, another character from Baum’s series. As a result, the two characters are commonly conflated. Regardless of which portrayal is being discussed, the character who greets Dorothy is kind, benevolent, and a powerful sorceress. The Wizard of Oz was referenced previously in episode ten.
34:40 – 🎧 feature
Lorelai locates the apartment where the party is taking place. When one of the guys from the concert opens the door, “I’m Gonna Make You Love Me” by the Jayhawks is playing inside. The song continues as Lorelai orders Madeline and Louise out of the apartment.
- This song comes from the 2000 album Smile by US country rock band the Jayhawks.
35:10 – 📖 reference
LORELAI: You really want to end any further conversation with me right now, so just step aside, Skippy.
- “Skippy is [a US] comic strip written and drawn by Percy Crosby that was published from 1923 to 1945. A highly popular, acclaimed and influential feature about rambunctious fifth-grader Skippy Skinner, his friends and his enemies, it was adapted into movies, a novel and a radio show” (Wikipedia). Peanuts cartoonist Charles Schulz cited Skippy as an early creative influence. The Skippy brand of peanut butter is also named for the comic strip.
36:10 – 🏷️ reference
LANE: Forget about the concert, I wanted to see Lorelai pull those idiots out of that guy’s apartment.
RORY: It definitely was a Kodak moment.
- The Eastman Kodak Company, often referred to as simply Kodak, is a US company best known for its photographic film products. Founded in 1892, the company dominated the photographic film market for most of the 20th century. “The company’s ubiquity was such that its ‘Kodak moment’ tagline entered the common lexicon to describe a personal event that deserved to be recorded for posterity” (Wikipedia).
References Sorted by Category
Jump to category: Brand Names | Famous Figures | Film, Television & Theater | Geography & Politics | History | Literature | Music
🏷️ Brand Names
- 09:35 – Hostess Brands (baked goods), Fruit Pie (product)
- 17:55 – Pucci (apparel)
- 20:45 – Hi-Liter (highlighter pen)
- 22:00 – Coca-Cola (soft drink), Coke (also known as)
- 22:55 – Pop-Tarts (toaster pastry)
- 36:10 – Eastman Kodak Company (photographic film)
⭐ Famous Figures
- 07:00 – Harvey Fierstein (actor and playwright)
- 18:55 – Paul Bunyan (folk figure)
- 29:45 – Catherine Zeta-Jones (actor)
- 29:45 – Michelle Pfeiffer (actor)
- 29:45 – Elle Macpherson (model, actor, and businesswoman)
🎥 Film, Television & Theater
- 02:50 – How the Grinch Stole Christmas! (1966 film)
- 12:55 – Somebody Up There Likes Me (1956 film)
- 13:00 – Star Trek (television show)
- 18:20 – Joanie Loves Chachi (television show)
- 19:35 – Wonder Woman (television show)
- 22:40 – Carrie (1976 film)
- 26:20 – The Yogi Bear Show (television show), Jellystone Park (setting)
- 26:30 – Everest (1998 film)
- 33:25 – The Wizard of Oz (1939 film)
🗺️ Geography & Politics
- 04:20 – Pastorella Theater (fictional venue), Steven J. Ross Theater (real venue)
- 13:50 – Copacabana (nightclub)
- 14:35 – New York, New York (US city)
- 24:30 – Chrysler Building (skyscraper and cultural landmark)
- 31:40 – Waverly Place (street name), First Avenue (street name)
🪶 History
📖 Literature
- 02:50 – How the Grinch Stole Christmas! by Theodor “Dr. Seuss” Geisel (book)
- 08:25 – “Little Red Riding Hood” (fairy tale)
- 08:35 – The Tragedie of Macbeth by William Shakespeare (stage play)
- 22:40 – Carrie by Stephen King (book)
- 33:25 – The Wonderful Wizard of Oz by L. Frank Baum (book)
- 35:10 – Skippy by Percy Crosby (comic strip)
🎧 Music
- 04:20, 25:00, 36:10 – the Bangles (band)
- 24:25, 24:50 – “Walk Like an Egyptian” (song)
- 27:45 – “Hero Takes a Fall” (song)
- 29:00 – “Eternal Flame” (song)
- 34:40 – “I’m Gonna Make You Love Me” by the Jayhawks (song)
Frequent References
A few things come up so routinely in the show, I am not going to include an entry for them every time they do. I wrote about the following people, places, and things when they first appeared or were mentioned.
- Hartford, Connecticut (US city)
- Harvard University (academic institution)
- Herman Beeftink (piano and string composer)
- Independence Inn (named for the American War of Independence)
- Jeep (automotive brand)
- Sam Phillips (series composer)
- “Travel to Historic Brazil” (poster in Rory’s bedroom)
- “Where You Lead” by Carole King and Louise Goffin (series theme)
Image Credits
Images [1] through [5] are stills from this episode. Episode citation: “Concert Interruptus.” Gilmore Girls, created by Amy Sherman-Palladino, cinematography by Ronald Víctor García, season 1, episode 13, Dorothy Parker Drank Here Productions, Hofflund/Polone, Warner Bros. Television, 2001.
Image [5] features the Bangles, including Susanna Hoffs (rhythm guitar and vocals), Vicki Peterson (lead guitar and vocals), Debbi Peterson (drums and vocals), and Michael Steele (bass and vocals).
Indigenous Land Acknowledgment
In beginning my work on this guide, I’ve come to realize just how many references (however subtle) the show contains to the Revolutionary War and the colonial history of the United States. It is important and necessary to acknowledge the people whose lands were usurped when these events took place, though this is not a simple matter. Please visit my land acknowledgment page to view the results of my research.
Posted 15 March 2022 (updated 4 July 2024)